I do not quite understand what you mean by "left out the other patterns".
As far as I understand your use case, you need to select a subset of your nodes. To do that, you need to find a property that all these nodes share, but none of the other nodes. However, what this property would be depends on your nodes and their properties. I.e. only you can determine the proper criterion that identifies the subset of nodes you are interested in.
It can happen that the criterion for identifying the subset of nodes is not supported in yEd's "Select Elements" tool or through yEd's "Select Matching Elements" action. In such a case you can try to incrementally increase the set of selected nodes by repeatedly using the "Select Elements" tool with a simpler criterion and with "Act On Current Selection Only" and "Clear Selection First" turned off. If that does not work either, you probably need to select the individual nodes in your set manually.
Finally, I would like to answer your last question: Yes, it is possible to select nodes depending on their label texts. If you set "Select" to "Label", the "Select Elements" tool offers several ways to match label texts.